Install Drupal 7 on Linux

Install the PHP 5.3.3 and Apache 2.2.15,

restart your apache server:
/etc/init.d/httpd restart

To function Drupal properly with apache and php

vi /etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
AddType application/x-httpd-php .html

vi /data/testphp.php
and enter this then save :

<?php
phpinfo();
?>

restart your apache server:

/etc/init.d/httpd restart

Configure Mysql to work with Drupal

Install MySQL-5.6

mysql -u root -p
mysql> CREATE DATABASE drupal;
mysql> CREATE USER drupaluser@localhost;
mysql> SET PASSWORD FOR drupaluser@localhost= PASSWORD('typepasswordhere');
mysql> GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON drupal.* TO drupaluser@localhost IDENTIFIED BY 'password';
mysql> quit

Finally lets start with Drupal

Get the latest package here : http://drupal.org/project/drupal

Copy the file to /data
and unpack it by typing :

tar -xvzf drupal-7.28.tar.gz
cd drupal-7.28
chmod a+w sites/default
cd sites/default
cp default.settings.php settings.php
chmod a+w settings.php
mkdir files
chmod a+w files

vi /etc/httpd/conf.d/vhost

<VirtualHost 10.10.xx.xxx:80>
    ServerName www.testsite.com
    ServerAlias testsite.com
    DocumentRoot "/data/drupal"
    DirectoryIndex index.php
    <Directory "/data/drupal">
        AllowOverride All
        Allow from All
        Options -Indexes
    </Directory>
</VirtualHost>

/etc/init.d/httpd restart

Add an entry in C:\Windows\System32\drivers\etc\hosts
10.10.xx.xxx www.testsite.com

Open up browser and go to :
http://www.testsite.com/drupal-7.28
it will open up a Drupal page !

To prevent unwanted users working on them..

chmod go-w settings.php
chmod 757 files

Ref: http://altinukshini.wordpress.com/2011/01/09/how-to-install-drupal-7-on-linux/

Set Up Replication in MySQL

MySQL replication is a process that allows you to easily maintain multiple copies of MySQL data by having them copied automatically from the main-server to a Replica-server database. This can be helpful for many reasons including facilitating a backup for the data, a way to analyze it without using the main database, or simply as a means to scale out.

For the process to work you will need two IP addresses: one of the main-server and one of the Replica-server.

10.10.0.39- main-server Database
10.10.0.40- Replica-server Database

User with Sudo privileges and have MySQL installed.

rpm -qa | grep MySQL
MySQL-client-5.6.12-1.el6.x86_64
MySQL-server-5.6.12-1.el6.x86_64
MySQL-devel-5.6.12-1.el6.x86_64
MySQL-shared-compat-5.6.12-1.el6.x86_64
MySQL-shared-5.6.12-2.el6.x86_64

Configure the Main-Server Database

Open up the mysql configuration file

vi /etc/my.cnf
bind-address = 10.10.0.39
log_bin = /data/var/lib/mysql/mysql-bin.log
binlog_do_db = newdatabase
server-id=1

service mysql restart

Grant privileges to the slave.

mysql -u root -p

mysql> GRANT REPLICATION SLAVE ON *.* TO '10.10.0.40'@'%' IDENTIFIED BY 'IctdscayK4blr';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> USE newdatabase;
Database changed

mysql> FLUSH TABLES WITH READ LOCK;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)


mysql> SHOW MASTER STATUS;
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
| File             | Position | Binlog_Do_DB | Binlog_Ignore_DB | Executed_Gtid_Set |
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
| mysql-bin.000032 |      523 | newdatabase  |                  |                   |
+------------------+----------+--------------+------------------+-------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

The File and Position details are required while configuring slave.

mysqldump -u root -p --opt newdatabase > newdatabase.sql

mysql> UNLOCK TABLES;

mysql> QUIT;


Configure the Replica-Server Database

mysql -u root -p

mysql> CREATE DATABASE newdatabase;

mysql> QUIT;

Import the database that you previously exported from the main-server database.

mysql -u root -p newdatabase < /path/to/newdatabase.sql

vi /etc/my.cnf
#Slave
relay-log = /data/var/lib/mysql/mysql-relay-bin.log
log_bin = /data/var/lib/mysql/mysql-bin.log
binlog_do_db = newdatabase
server-id=2

service mysql restart

Enable the replication from within the MySQL shell.

mysql -u root -p

mysql> CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_HOST='10.10.0.39',MASTER_USER='root', MASTER_PASSWORD='IctdsdkMSK4blr', MASTER_LOG_FILE='mysql-bin.000001', MASTER_LOG_POS=  523;
Query OK, 0 rows affected 2 warnings (0.01 sec)

The above step designates, (1) the current server as the slave of our main server. (2) It provides the server the correct login credentials. (3) Last of all, it lets the slave server know where to start replicating from; the main-server log file and log position come from the numbers we wrote down previously.

mysql> START SLAVE;

mysql> SHOW SLAVE STATUS\G;

mysql> QUIT;


If there is an issue in connecting, you can try starting slave with a command to skip over it:

mysql> STOP SLAVE;

mysql> SET GLOBAL SQL_SLAVE_SKIP_COUNTER = 1;

mysql> START SLAVE;

Ref :- digitalocean.com

Remove LVM Partitions in Linux

vi /etc/fstab
remove the present lvm entry.

lvremove /dev/VGdata/LVdata
Do you really want to remove active logical volume LVdata? [y/n]: y
  Logical volume "LVdata" successfully removed

vgremove VGdata
  Volume group "VGdata" successfully removed

pvremove /dev/sdb1
  Labels on physical volume "/dev/sdb1" successfully wiped

fdisk /dev/sdb

WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to
         switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to
         sectors (command 'u').

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sdb: 26.8 GB, 26843545600 bytes
64 heads, 32 sectors/track, 25600 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 2048 * 512 = 1048576 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x000b6891

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sdb1               1       25600    26214384   8e  Linux LVM

Command (m for help): d
Selected partition 1

Command (m for help): p

Disk /dev/sdb: 26.8 GB, 26843545600 bytes
64 heads, 32 sectors/track, 25600 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 2048 * 512 = 1048576 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x000b6891

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System

Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
You have new mail in /var/spool/mail/root

partprobe
Warning: WARNING: the kernel failed to re-read the partition table on /dev/sda (Device or resource busy).  As a result,

it may not reflect all of your changes until after reboot.

reboot

Broadcast message from arao9aj@mb1utarmiweb01.pearsontc.com
        (/dev/pts/0) at 16:12 ...

The system is going down for reboot NOW!

Ref: http://www.linuxspy.com/1810/how-to-remove-lvm-partitions/

Change the default size of an inode

It is possible to define a non-standard sized inode by using the mke2fs tool with an undocumented option, -I. The size of the inode has to be a power of two and between the size of EXT2_GOOD_OLD_INODE_SIZE (128 bytes) and size of blocks in bytes. One reason for doing this could be that user is going to use extended attributes. Extended attributes are arbitrary name/value pairs used to store system objects like Access Control Lists (ACL). If the size of the inodes is larger than the default size, then sufficiently small attributes can be stored in inode

tune2fs -l /dev/mapper/VGdata-LVdata | grep Inode
Inode count:              1572864
Inodes per group:         8192
Inode blocks per group:   512
Inode size:               256

mke2fs -I 8192 /dev/mapper/VGdata-LVdata
mke2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
Filesystem label=
OS type: Linux
Block size=4096 (log=2)
Fragment size=4096 (log=2)
Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks
1572864 inodes, 6291456 blocks
314572 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user
First data block=0
Maximum filesystem blocks=4294967296
192 block groups
32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group
8192 inodes per group
Superblock backups stored on blocks:
        32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208,
        4096000

Writing inode tables: done
Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done

This filesystem will be automatically checked every 35 mounts or
180 days, whichever comes first.  Use tune2fs -c or -i to override.

tune2fs -l /dev/mapper/VGdata-LVdata | grep Inode
Inode count:              3276800
Inodes per group:         16384
Inode blocks per group:   1024
Inode size:               256

Ref: http://magazine.redhat.com/2007/04/23/how-can-i-change-the-default-size-of-an-inode-when-i-create-an-ext2ext3-filesystem/

Commonly Used Shell Variables

echo $BASH_VERSION --holds the version of this instance of bash
3.2.25(1)-release

echo $HOSTNAME --the name of the your computer
LinuxHost

echo $CDPATH --the search path for the cd command

echo $HISTFILE --the file in which command history is saved
/root/.bash_history

echo $HISTFILESIZE --the maximum number of lines contained in the history file
1000

echo $HISTSIZE --the number of commands to remember in the command history
1000

echo $HOME --the home directory of the current user
/root

echo $IFS --the Internal Field Separator

echo $LANG --used to determine the lang

echo $PATH --the search path for commands
/usr/kerberos/sbin:/usr/kerberos/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/root/bin

echo $PS1 --shows prompt settings
[\u@\h \W]\$

echo $TMOUT --the default timeout for the read builtin command

echo $TERM --the login terminal type
xterm
export TERM=vt100
export TERM=xterm

echo $SHELL --set path to login shell
/bin/bash

echo $DISPLAY --Set X display name
export DISPLAY=:0.1

export EDITOR=/usr/bin/vim --name of default text editor

Find out built in or an external command

type -a bind
bind is a shell builtin

type -a cat
cat is /bin/cat

type -a awk
awk is /bin/awk
awk is /usr/bin/awk

type -a true
true is a shell builtin
true is /bin/true

type -a select
select is a shell keyword

Basic Command Line Editing

Use the following key combinations to edit and recall commands:

• CTRL + L : Clear the screen.

• CTRL + W : Delete the word starting at cursor.

• CTRL + U : Clear the line i.e. Delete the all words from command line.

• Up and Down arrow keys : Recall commands (see command history).

• Tab : Auto-complete files, directory, command names and much more.

• CTRL + R : Search through previously used commands (see command history)

• CTRL + C : Cancel currently running commands.

• CTRL + T : Swap the last two characters before the cursor.

• ESC + T : Swap the last two words before the cursor.

Find out current shell

To find all of the available shells in your system,

echo $SHELL

/bin/bash

To find out your current shell,

which bash


/bin/bash

ps $$

PID TTY      STAT   TIME COMMAND
29893 pts/0    Ss     0:00 -bash

ps -p $$

PID TTY          TIME CMD
29893 pts/0    00:00:00 bash

Valid login shells

cat /etc/shells

/bin/sh
/bin/bash
/sbin/nologin
/bin/tcsh
/bin/csh
/bin/ksh

Ways to check Linux OS is 32 bit or 64 Bit

uname -m

x86_64 ==> 64-bit kernel
i686   ==> 32-bit kernel

/bin/uname -m

x86_64 ==> 64-bit kernel
i686   ==> 32-bit kernel

getconf LONG_BIT

64 ==> 64-bit kernel
32 ==> 32-bit kernel

arch

x86_64 ==> 64-bit kernel
i686   ==> 32-bit kernel

file /sbin/init

/sbin/init: ELF 64-bit LSB shared object, x86-64, version 1 (SYSV), dynamically linked (uses shared libs), for GNU/Linux 2.6.18, stripped    ==> 64-bit kernel

/sbin/init: ELF 32-bit LSB executable, Intel 80386, version 1 (SYSV), for GNU/Linux 2.6.9, dynamically linked (uses shared libs), for GNU/Linux 2.6.9, stripped   ==> 32-bit kernel

In Ubuntu

dpkg --print-architecture

amd64 ==> 64-bit kernel
amd32 ==> 32-bit kernel

Ref: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/246007/how-to-determine-whether-a-given-linux-is-32-bit-or-64-bit

Change Run Levels in Linux

Find Out Current Run Level

who -r
run-level 3  2014-05-27 17:04

Or

runlevel
N 3

Use the init command to change rune levels:

init 1

To change the default run level:

vi /etc/inittab
id:5:initdefault:

Reboot the system to see changes:

reboot

Ref:
http://www.cyberciti.biz/tips/linux-changing-run-levels.html
http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/library/l-lpic1-v3-101-3/

Clear Memory Cache on Linux Server

Flush file system buffers by executing,

# sync

Kernels 2.6.16.x and newer versions of kernel provide a mechanism to have the kernel drop the page cache and/or inode and dentry caches on command, which can be helpful to free up a lot of memory.

To free page cache:

# echo 1 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches

To free dentries and inodes:

# echo 2 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches

To free page cache, dentries and inodes:

echo 3 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches

or

sync; echo 3 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches

Sync should be run because this is a non-destructive operation, and dirty objects are not freeable.
So you run sync in order to make sure all cached objects are freed.

To do clearing memory cache on a particular interval, just add the command to cron job

vi cacheclear.sh

#!/bin/sh
sudo sh -c "sync; echo 3 > /proc/sys/vm/drop_caches"

Ref: http://www.unixmen.com/how-to-clear-memory-cache-on-linux-servers/

Force fsck in Linux

fsck stands for "file system check" and it is used to check and optionally repair one or more Linux file systems. Normally, the fsck program will try to handle filesystems on different physical disk drives in parallel to reduce the total amount of time needed to check all of the filesystems

Login as the root:
su root

Change directory to root (/) directory:
cd /

Create a file called forcefsck:
touch /forcefsck

Now reboot the system:
reboot

login as root and type the following command to reboot and run fsck:

shutdown -rF now

The -F option force fsck on reboot.


Ref:
http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/linux-force-fsck-on-the-next-reboot-or-boot-sequence/
https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/fsck

Recursively list all hidden files and directories

The basic syntax is as follows:

find /dir/to/search/ -name ".*" -print

find /dir/to/search/ -name ".*" -ls

search only hidden files:

find /dir/to/search/ -type f -iname ".*" -ls

search only hidden directories:

find /dir/to/search/ -type d -iname ".*" -ls
find /dir/to/search -path '*/.*' -print
find /dir/to/search -path '*/.*' -ls

In this example, search $HOME for all hidden files and dirs:

find $HOME -name ".*" -ls

135237    4 -rw-r--r--   1 root     root           18 May 20  2009 /root/.bash_logout
137605    4 -rw-------   1 root     root           32 May 15 01:08 /root/.mysql_history
135240    4 -rw-r--r--   1 root     root          100 Sep 22  2004 /root/.cshrc
131153    4 drwxr-----   3 root     root         4096 Feb 27 19:28 /root/.pki
136444    4 -rw-r--r--   1 root     root          686 Feb 27 07:22 /root/.bash_profile
137510    4 drwx------   2 root     root         4096 May  8 02:00 /root/.ssh
135241    4 -rw-r--r--   1 root     root          129 Dec  3  2004 /root/.tcshrc
136494    4 -rw-r--r--   1 root     root          310 Feb 27 07:22 /root/.bashrc
137490   16 -rw-------   1 root     root        14970 May 15 01:02 /root/.bash_history

Ref: http://www.cyberciti.biz/faq/unix-linux-centos-ubuntu-find-hidden-files-recursively/

Recursively list all files and directories

ls -alR

find . -exec ls -dl \{\} \; | awk '{print $3, $4, $9}'

find . -printf "%u %g %p\n"

tree -p -u -g -f -i

tree -p -u -g -f

find $PWD -type f

find . -ls

List only .html files

find . -name "*.html"

Ref: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/501367/how-to-recursively-list-all-files-and-directories

History Command in Linux

List All Executed Commands in Linux

history

List All Commands with Date and Timestamp

export HISTTIMEFORMAT='%F %T  '
history
%F Equivalent to %Y - %m - %d
%T Replaced by the time ( %H : %M : %S )

Filter Commands in History

export HISTIGNORE='ls -l:pwd:date:'
history

Ignore Duplicate Commands in History

export HISTCONTROL=ignoredups
history

Unset export Command

unset export HISTCONTROL
history

Save export Command Permanently

vi .bash_profile
PATH=$PATH:$HOME/bin
export PATH

Disable Storing History of Commands

vi .bash_profile
PATH=$PATH:$HOME/bin
HISTSIZE=0
export PATH
.bash_profile (END)

source .bash_profile

Delete or Clear History of Commands

history -c

Search Commands in History Using Grep Command

history | grep pwd

Recall Lastly Executed Command

Bang and 8 (!8)

Recall Lastly Executed Specific Command

!net

List last 25 commands

history 25

Ref: 

http://www.tecmint.com/history-command-examples/
https://www.digitalocean.com/community/articles/how-to-use-bash-history-commands-and-expansions-on-a-linux-vps

DoS and DDoS attack

A denial-of-service attack (DoS attack) or distributed denial-of-service attack (DDoS attack) is a attack in which the server resources become unavailable to its intended users.

A DOS attack is an attempt to make a system or server unavailable for legitimate users and, finally, to take the service down. This is achieved by flooding the server’s request queue with fake requests. After this, server will not be able to handle the requests of legitimate users.

In general, there are two forms of the DOS attack. The first form is on that can crash a server. The second form of DOS attack only floods a service.

In simple words DDOS attack is, when a server system is being flooded from fake requests coming from multiple sources (potentially hundreds of thousands), it is known as a DDOS attack. In this case, blocking a single or few IP address does not work. The more members in the zombie network, more powerful the attack it. For creating the zombie network, hackers generally use a Trojan.

There are basically three types of DDOS attacks:

Application layer DDOS attack: Application-layer DDOS attacks are attacks that target Windows, Apache, OpenBSD, or other software vulnerabilities to perform the attack and crash the server.

Protocol DDOS attack: A protocol DDOS attacks is a DOS attack on the protocol level. This category includes Synflood, Ping of Death, and more.

Volume-based DDOS attack: This type of attack includes ICMP floods, UDP floods, and other kind of floods performed via spoofed packets.

How to troubleshoot,

list of IP’s with maximum number of connections to server,

netstat -anp |grep 'tcp\|udp' | awk '{print $5}' | cut -d: -f1 | sort | uniq -c | sort -n

remember that ddos becomes more complex as attackers are using fewer connections with more number of attacking IP’s,

the number of active connections open to server,

netstat -n | grep :80 |wc -l

netstat -n | grep :80 | grep SYN |wc -l

Ex:
cd /edu-log/edurite/
cat 20140505.access.log | awk '{print $1}' |sort |uniq -c |sort -nr |more

------------
110.85.112.16
27.153.209.89
120.33.245.187
27.150.229.164
121.205.197.8
121.205.196.173
27.153.186.129
------------

Trace the IP using the follwoing URL,

http://tools.whois.net/whoisbyip/

One example for how to block a particular IP on the server,

iptables -A INPUT -s 27.153.186.129 -j DROP

/etc/init.d/iptables save
/etc/init.d/firewall restart

Ref:

http://webhosting.uk.com/kb/how-to-check-if-your-linux-server-is-under-ddos-attack/
http://resources.infosecinstitute.com/dos-attacks-free-dos-attacking-tools/

Configure NFS in Linux

Three rpm's are required to configure nfs server.
nfs, portmap and xinetd, check them if not found then install them,

rpm -qa nfs*
nfs-utils-1.0.9-66.el5
nfs-utils-lib-1.0.8-7.9.el5

rpm -qa portmap*
portmap-4.0-65.2.2.1

rpm -qa xinetd*
xinetd-2.3.14-17.el5


/etc/init.d/portmap restart
/etc/init.d/xinetd restart
/etc/init.d/nfs restart


chkconfig portmap on
chkconfig xinetd on
chkconfig nfs on

mkdir /data
chmod 777 /data
vi /etc/exports

/data   192.168.209.128 (rw,sync)

exportfs -r

showmount -e 192.168.209.128

Export list for 192.168.209.128:
/data (everyone)

mount -t nfs 192.168.209.128:/data/ /mnt

cd /mnt/

cat > test
This is testfile

cd
umount /mnt

mkdir /temp

vi /etc/fstab

192.168.209.128:/data /temp nfs defaults 0 0

reboot

cd /temp
ls
test

ref : http://computernetworkingnotes.com/network-administrations/nfs-server.html

Windows Useful Commands

Application = Command

Accessibility Controls = access.cpl
Add Hardware Wizard = hdwwiz.cpl
Add/Remove Programs = appwiz.cpl
Administrative Tools = control admintools
Automatic Updates = wuaucpl.cpl

Bluetooth Transfer Wizard = fsquirt
Calculator = calc
Certificate Manager = certmgr.msc
Character Map = charmap
Check Disk Utility = chkdsk

Clipboard Viewer = clipbrd
Command Prompt = cmd
Component Services = dcomcnfg
Computer Management = compmgmt.msc
Date and Time Properties = timedate.cpl

DDE Shares = ddeshare
Device Manager = devmgmt.msc
Direct X Control Panel (If Installed)* = directx.cpl
Direct X Troubleshooter = dxdiag
Disk Cleanup Utility = cleanmgr

Disk Defragment = dfrg.msc
Disk Management = diskmgmt.msc
Disk Parmelonion Manager = diskpart
Display Properties = control desktop/desk.cpl
Dr. Watson System Troubleshooting Utility = drwtsn32

Driver Verifier Utility = verifier
Event Viewer = eventvwr.msc
File Signature Verification Tool = sigverif
Findfast = findfast.cpl
Folders Properties = control folders

Fonts = control fonts
Fonts Folder = fonts
Free Cell Card Game = freecell
Game Controllers = joy.cpl
Group Policy Editor (XP Prof) = gpedit.msc

Hearts Card Game = mshearts
Iexpress Wizard = iexpress
Indexing Service = ciadv.msc
Internet Properties = inetcpl.cpl
IP Configuration = ipconfig

Java Control Panel (If Installed) = jpicpl32.cpl
Java Application Cache Viewer (If Installed) = javaws
Keyboard Properties = control keyboard
Local Security Settings = secpol.msc
Local Users and Groups = lusrmgr.msc

Logs You Out Of Windows = logoff
Microsoft Chat = winchat
Minesweeper Game = winmine
Mouse Properties = control mouse
Mouse Properties = main.cpl

Network Connections = control netconnections
Network Connections = ncpa.cpl
Network Setup Wizard = netsetup.cpl
Notepad = notepad
Nview Desktop Manager (If Installed) = nvtuicpl.cpl

Object Packager = packager
ODBC Data Source Administrator = odbccp32.cpl
On Screen Keyboard = osk
Opens AC3 Filter (If Installed) = ac3filter.cpl
Password Properties = password.cpl

Performance Monitor = perfmon.msc
Performance Monitor = perfmon
Phone and Modem Options = telephon.cpl
Power Configuration = powercfg.cpl
Printers and Faxes = control printers

Printers Folder = printers
Private Character Editor = eudcedit
Quicktime (If Installed) = QuickTime.cpl
Regional Settings = intl.cpl
Registry Editor = regedit

Registry Editor = regedit32
Remote Desktop = mstsc
Removable Storage = ntmsmgr.msc
Removable Storage Operator Requests = ntmsoprq.msc
Resultant Set of Policy (XP Prof) = rsop.msc

Scanners and Cameras = sticpl.cpl
Scheduled Tasks = control schedtasks
Security Center = wscui.cpl
Services = services.msc
Shared Folders = fsmgmt.msc

Shuts Down Windows = shutdown
Sounds and Audio = mmsys.cpl
Spider Solitare Card Game = spider
SQL Client Configuration = cliconfg
System Configuration Editor = sysedit

System Configuration Utility = msconfig
System File Checker Utility = sfc
System Properties = sysdm.cpl
Task Manager = taskmgr
Telnet Client = telnet

User Account Management = nusrmgr.cpl
Utility Manager = utilman
Windows Firewall = firewall.cpl
Windows Magnifier = magnify
Windows Management Infrastructure = wmimgmt.msc

Windows System Security Tool = syskey
Windows Update Launches = wupdmgr
Windows XP Tour Wizard = tourstart
Wordpad = write

Increasing group_concat_max_len param in MySQL

SET GLOBAL group_concat_max_len=1024M

vi /etc/my.cnf

group_concat_max_len = 1024M

/etc/init.d/mysql restart

Shutting down MySQL......                                  [  OK  ]
Starting MySQL..                                           [  OK  ]

mysql -u root -p

Enter password:

mysql>SHOW VARIABLES LIKE "%group_concat_max_len";
+----------------------+------------+
| Variable_name        | Value      |
+----------------------+------------+
| group_concat_max_len | 1073741824 |
+----------------------+------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

Copying files using pscp

Copying files from your UNIX host to your Windows PC

C:\Program Files (x86)>pscp "H:\Digitally_3.6_International\vmware.log" root@172
.16.0.134:/tmp/

root@172.16.0.134's password:
vmware.log                | 84 kB |  84.0 kB/s | ETA: 00:00:00 | 100%

http://www.nber.org/pscp.html